Homogeneous coordinates
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In this article three-dimensional space is regarded because it is usually used in robotics. Rotation of three-dimensional coordinates can be described by an 3-by-3 matrix. All the components of the matrix are multiplied with one of the three coordinates. So the transformation is dependent on the original coordinates. Translation however is actually a vector addition and so independent of the original coordinates (see subarticle about translation).
To be able to also apply a translation by matrix multiplication, an additional dimension is introduced. For vectors, the additional fourth component is always 1. So a three-dimensional vector in homogeneous coordinates looks a sfollows:
A homogeneous transformation matrix for three-dimensional space is a 4-by-4 matrix. consists of the 3-by-3 rotation matrix and a 3-by-1 translation vector combined with the last row of the identity matrix:
Let the components of the rotation matrix and the translation vector be denoted as follows:
So the multiplication of a homogeneous transformation matrix with a vector in homogeneous coordinates leads to:
As can be seen in the resulting vector, the components and are independent of the original coordinates and just added to the x- or the y-coordinate, respectively.